Something is wrong if you need to install a block heater to start it when it is stored in your garage. We've got five diesels, the oldest being an 88 F-250 and they all start when it is 20-25 degrees out without a block heater and without cranking for more than a few seconds.
In order for the diesel engine to start, it needs to crank over fast. It is not like a gas engine that if it gets past compression it will fire up. So my first question is does it seem to crank over fast?
The glow plugs are easy to check. They should appear almost like a short circuit on your voltmeter. Or, check the battery voltage and see if it drops down some when the glow plugs are energized. Might be the glow plug relay is not working???
Fuel could be a problem, but it does not sound like it to me. Easy enough to check though, crank the line at the plug and crank when cold to see what comes out. Ought to be fuel.
How old is the battery anyway? A weak battery will start it, but iit may not crank over too fast.
It took a while to get my 88 7.3 right. In the end it was the starter, and over the past ten years it was slowly getting worse, but I never realized it. Put a new starter in and it cranked like mad and started right up even on the coldest winter days. (it doesn't get too cold here in Maryland!)
Good luck
Wayne