Dan,
<font color=blue>Thus this lead us back to the actual movement being charge and all equations deal with charge moving not electrons.</font color=blue>
It matters little what I think or what views we may present on this board. I really doubt that anything we have said will effect anyone on TBN to the slightest degree.
(other than humor)
What does matter is the teaching of young minds the views you have expressed.
Please review the following and verify the validity of the references. Begin Teaching your students a sound basis from which they may grow.
Theory of Conductivity in Metals (by Al, etal.)
Conduction of electricity in metals is known as the "electron gas" description of a metal.(1)
The laws obeyed by an electron gas are governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics.(3)
Statistical mechanics is the quantitative study of systems consisting of a large
number of interacting elements, such as the atoms or molecules of a solid, liquid, or gas, or the individual quanta of light (see photon) making up electromagnetic radiation. Although the nature of each individual element of a system and the interactions between any pair of elements may both be well understood, the large number of elements and possible interactions can present an almost overwhelming challenge to the investigator who seeks to understand the behavior of the system. Statistical mechanics provides a mathematical framework upon which such an understanding may be built. Since many systems in nature contain large number of elements, the applicability of statistical mechanics is broad. In contrast to thermodynamics, which approaches such systems from a macroscopic, or large-scale, point of view, statistical mechanics usually approaches systems from a microscopic, or atomic-scale, point of view. The foundations of statistical mechanics can be traced to the 19th-century work of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the theory was further developed in the early 20th cent. by J. W. Gibbs. In its modern form, statistical mechanics recognizes three broad types of systems: those that obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, those that obey Bose-Einstein statistics, and those that obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics apply to systems of classical particles, such as the
atmosphere, in which considerations from the quantum theory are small enough that they may be ignored. The other two types of statistics concern quantum systems: systems in which quantum-mechanical properties cannot be ignored.
Bose-Einstein statistics apply to systems of bosons (particles that have integral values of the quantum mechanical property called spin; an unlimited number of bosons can be placed in the same state. Photons, for instance, are bosons, and so the study of electromagnetic radiation, such as the radiation of a black body involves the use of Bose-Einstein statistics.
Fermi-Dirac statistics apply to systems of fermions (particles that have half-integral values of spin); no two fermions can exist in the same state. Electrons are fermions, and so Fermi-Dirac statistics must be employed for a full understanding of the conduction of electrons in metals.
Statistical mechanics has also yielded deep insights in the understanding of magnetism, phase transitions, and superconductivity
Conduction of electricity consists of the flow of charges as a result of an electromotive force, or potential difference. The rate of flow, i.e., the electric current, is proportional to the potential difference and to the electrical conductivity of the substance, which in turn depends on the nature of the substance, its cross-sectional area, and its temperature.
In solids, electric current consists of a flow of electrons; as in the case of heat conduction, metals are better conductors of electricity because of their greater free-electron density, while nonmetals, such as rubber, are poor conductors and may be used
as electrical insulators, or dielectrics. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a given conductor will increase the current because more electrons will be available
for conduction. Increasing the temperature will inhibit conduction in a metal because the increased thermal motions of the electrons will tend to interfere with their
regular flow in an electric current; in a nonmetal, however, an increase in temperature improves conduction because it frees more electrons. In liquids and gases, current consists not only in the flow of electrons but also in that of ions. A highly ionized liquid
solution, e.g., saltwater, is a good conductor. Gases at high temperatures tend to become ionized and thus become good conductors (see plasma), although at ordinary temperatures they tend to be poor conductors.(2)
Source Material:
(1)Micro Electronics Digital and analog Circuits and Systems, Jacob Millman, PHD Columbia University. ISBN 0-07-042327-X389
(2)The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2000, Columbia University Press. Fermi-Dirac Statistics
(3)Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology, ISBN 389 04482 2
Al (etal)
