Just a few pics

[mx1alex]

References:

Tomlin, C. D. S. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 14th ed.; British Crop Protection Council: Hampshire, UK, 2006; pp 545- 548.

RED Facts: Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Roberts, T. R. Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals-Part 1: Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators; The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1998; pp 396-399.

Herbicide Handbook, 8th ed.; Vencill, W. K. Ed.; Weed Science Society of America: Lawrence, KS, 2002; p 231-234.

Roundup herbicide bulletin Number 1; Monsanto Agricultural Products Company: St. Louis, MO, 1980.

Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate; EPA-738-R-93-014; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Giesey, J. P.; Dobson, S.; Solomon, K. R. Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2000, 167, 35-120.

SRC PhysProp Database: Glyphosate; Syracuse Research Corporation. 302 Found (accessed Dec 2007), updated Jan 2010.

Shaner, D. L. The impact of glyphosate-tolerant crops on the use of other herbicides and on resistance management. Pest Manag. Sci. 2000, 56, 320-326.

Franz, J. E.; Mao, M. K.; Sikorski, J. A. Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; pp 521-527, 604-605, 615.
WHO. Data Sheets on Pesticides: Glyphosate; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.

Wu, J. Y.; Chang, S. S.; Tseng, C. P.; Deng, J. F.; Lee, C. C. Parenteral glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2006, 24 (4), 504-506.

Williams, G. M.; Kroes, R.; Munro, I. C. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000, 31, 117-165.

Bradberry, S. M.; Proudfoot, A. T.; Vale, J. A. Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol. Rev. 2004, 23 (3), 159-167..

Bates, N.; Campbell, A. Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats - Glyphosate; Campbell, A.; Chapman, M., Eds.; Blackwell Science Ltd: Oxford, England, 2000; pp 135-138.

Monsanto Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Roundup and other gyphosate/tallowamine surfactant-containing herbicides: The clinical effects and their managment. Unpublished report, 1994, cited in Burgat, V.; Keck, G.; Guerre, P.; Bigorre, V.; Pineau, X. Glyphosate toxicosis in domestic animals: A survey from the data of the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires (CNITV). Vet. Hum.Toxicol. 1998, 40 (6), 363-367.

Birch, M. Toxicological investigation of CP 67573-3. Unpublished Report no. 4-70-90, 1970, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by Younger Laboratories, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Blaszcak, D., Primary dermal irritation study in rabbits for glyphosate technical (wetcake). Unpublished Report no. BD-88- 114, project number 4887, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Blaszcak, D. Eye irritation study in rabbits for glyphosate technical (wetcake). Unpublished Report no. BD-88-114, project no. 4888-88, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.
Maibach, H. I. Irritation, sensitization, photoirritation and photosensitization assays with a glyphosate herbicide. Contact Derm. 1986, 15, 152-156.

Rattray, N. J. Glyphosate acid: 4-hour acute inhalation toxicity study in rats. Unpublished Report no. CTL/P/4882, study no. HR2884, 1996, submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Maccelsfield, Cheshire, England. Pesticide Residues in Food - 2004: Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.

Welch, S. Glyphosate. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology; Plumlee, K. H., Ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, 2004; pp 162-163.

Burgat, V.; Keck, G.; Guerre, P.; Bigorre, V.; Pineau, X. Glyphosate toxicosis in domestic animals: A survey from the data of the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires (CNITV). Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1998, 40 (6), 363-367.

Talbot, A. R.; Shiaw, M. H.; Huang, J. S.; Yang, S. F.; Goo, T. S.; Wang, S. H.; Chen, C. L.; Sanford, T. R. Acute poisoning with a glyphosatesurfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): A review of 93 cases. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1991, 10 (1), 1-8.

Acquavella, J. F.; Weber, J. A.; Cullen, M. R.; Cruz, O. A.; Martens, M. A.; Holden, L. R.; Riordan, S.; Thompson, M.; Farmer, D. Human ocular effects from self-reported exposures to Roundup herbicides. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1999, 18 (8), 479-486.

Reyna, M. Twelve month study of glyphosate administered by gelatin capsule to beagle dogs. Unpublished Report no. 830116, project no. ML-83-137, 1985, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company Environmental Health. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Stout, L.; Ruecker, F. Chronic study of glyphosate administered in feed to albino rats. Unpublished Report no. MSL-10495 R.D. 1014, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Agricultural Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.
Glyphosate. Human-Health Assessment Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2009.

Lavy, T. L. Conifer seedling nursery worker exposure to glyphosate. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 22, 6-13.
Jauhiainen, A.; Rasanen, K.; Sarantila, R.; Nuutinen, J.; Kangas, J. Occupational exposure of forest workers to glyphosate during brush saw spraying work. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1991, 52 (2), 61-64.

Acquavella, J. F.; Alexander, B. H.; Mandel, J. S.; Gustin, C.; Baker, B.; Chapman, P.; Bleeke, M. Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112 (3), 321-326.

Chan, P. C.; Mahler, J. F. NTP Technical Report on toxicity studies of glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) administered in dosed feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1992; pp 12-13, 24.

Draft List of Initial Pesticide Active Ingredients and Pesticide Inerts to be Considered for Screening under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Fed. Regist. June 18, 2007, 72 (116), pp 33486-33503.

Knezevich, A.; Hogan, G. A chronic feeding study of glyphosate (Roundup technical) in mice. Unpublished Report no. BDN-77420, project no. 77-2061, 1983, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

McConnel, R. A chronic feeding study of glyphosate (Roundup technical) in mice: pathology report on additional kidney sections. Unpublished project no. 77-2061A, 1985, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Cavas, T.; Konen, S. Detection of cytogenic and DNA damage in peripheral erythrocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Mutagenesis 2007, 22 (4), 263-268.

FAO. Pesticide Residues in Food - Evaluations Part 2: Toxicological; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2004.

De Roos, A. J.; Blair, A.; Rusiecki, J. A.; Hoppin, J. A.; Svec, M.; Dosemeci, M.; Sandler, D. P.; Alavanja, M. C. Cancer incidence among glyphosate-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113 (1), 49-54.

Rodwell, D. E.; Tasker, E. J.; Blair, A. M.; et al. Teratology study in rats. Unpublished report no. 401-054, unpublished study no. 999- 021, 1980, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by International Research and Development Corporation. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Rodwell, D. E.; Tasker, E. J.; Blair, A. M.; et al. Teratology study in rats. Unpublished report no. 401-056, 1980, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by International Research and Development Corporation. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Moxon, M. E. Glophosate acid: multigeneration reproduction toxicity in rats. Unpublished report no. CTL/P/6332, study no. RR0784, 2000, submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Pesticide Residues in Food - Evaluations Part 2: Toxicological; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2004.

Arbuckle, T. E.; Lin, Z.; Mery, L. S. An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109 (8), 851-7.

Brewster, D. W.; Warren, J.; Hopkins, W. E. I. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats: Tissue distribution, identification, and quantification of glyphosate-derived materials following a single oral dose. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1991, 17, 43-51.

Wester, R. C.; Melendres, J.; Sarason, R.; McMaster, J.; Maibach, H. I. Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1991, 16, 725-732.

Monsanto Corporation. The metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague Dawley rats- Part I. Excretion and tissue distribution of glyphosate and its metabolites following intravenous and oral administration. Unpublished report no. MSL-7215, 1988, submitted to WHO by Monsanto Ltd, prepared by Monsanto Environmental Health Laboratory/Monsanto Life Sciences Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri. Environmental Health Criteria 159, Toxicological Evaluations - Glyphosate; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland,1988.

Bodden, R. M. Metabolism study of synthetic 13C/14C-labeled glyphosate and aminomethylphoshonic acid in lactating goats. Unpublished report, 1988, cited in Williams, G. M.; Kros, R.; Munro, I. C., prepared by Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000, 31, 117-165.

Bodden, R. M., Metabolism study of synthetic 13C/14C-labeled glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in laying hens. Unpublished report, 1988, cited in Williams, G. C.; Kroes, R.; Munro, I. C., prepared by Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000, 31, 117-165.

WHO. Environmental Health Criteria 159, Toxicological Evaluations - Glyphosate; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland,1988.

Hori, Y.; Fujisawa, M.; Shimada, K.; Hirose, Y. Determination of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite in biological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A case of poisoning by roundup herbicide. J. ****. Toxicol. 2003, 27 (3), 162-166.

Ridley, W.; Mirly, K. The metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Part I. Excretion and tissue distribution of glyphosate and its metabolites following intravenous and oral administration. Unpublished report no. 86139 (MSL 7215), RD no. 877, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Howe, R.; Chott, R.; McClanahan, R. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Part II: Identification, characterization, and quantitation of glyphosate and its metabolites after intravenous and oral administration. Unpublished report no. MSL-7206, RD No. 877, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Talbot, A.; Ku, T. S.; Chen, C. L.; Li, G. C.; Li, H. P. Glyphosate levels in acute Roundup herbicide poisoning. 1994 Toxicology World Congress Abstracts. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1995, 26, 717.

Aprea, C.; Colosio, C.; Mammone, T.; Minoia, C.; Maroni, M. Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review of analytical methods. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 769 (2), 191-219.

Motojyuku, M.; Saito, T.; Akieda, K.; Otsuka, H.; Yamamoto, I.; Inokuchi, S. Determination of glyphosate, glyphosate metabolites, and glufosinate in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectometry. J. Chromatogr. B 2008, 875, 509-514.

Sato, K.; Jin, J. Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Miwa, T.; Suenami, K.; Takekoshi, Y.; Kanno, S., Integrated pulsed amperometric detection of glufosinate, bialaphos and glyphosate at gold electrodes in anion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 2001, 919 (2), 313-320.

Biagini, R. E.; Smith, J. P.; Sammons, D. L.; MacKenzie, B. A.; Striley, C. A.; Robertson, S. K.; Snawder, J. E. Development of a sensitivity enhanced multiplexed fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay (FCMIA) for the measurement of glyphosate, atrazine and metolachlor mercapturate in water and urine. ****. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 379 (3), 368-374.

Curwin, B. D.; Hein, M. J.; Sanderson, W. T.; Striley, C.; Heederik, D.; Kromhout, H.; Reynolds, S. J.; Alavanja, M. C. Urinary pesticide concentrations among children, mothers and fathers living in farm and non-farm households in iowa. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2007, 51 (1), 53-65.

Castle, S.; Ruzo, L.; Katheryn, S. Degradation study: photodegradation of carbon 14 glyphosate in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 5, 7, and 9 by natural sunlight. Unpublished report no. 233W-1, 233W:1020, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protections Agency, prepared by Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Brightwell, B.; Malik, J. Solubility, volatility, absorption, and partition coefficients, leaching and aquatic metabolism of MON 0573 and MON 0101. Unpublished report no. MSL-0207, 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Tsui, M. T. 60. K.; Chu, L. M. Environmental fate and non-target impact of glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup) in a subtropical wetland. Chemosphere 2008, 71, 439-446.

Nicholls, R. Confined rotational crop study of glyphosate Part I: In-field portion. Unpublished report no. EF-88-22, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Pan-Agricultural Labs, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA- 738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

McMullan, P.; Honeggar, J.; Logusch, E. Confined rotational crop study of glyphosate Part II. Quantitation, characterization and identification of glyphosate and its metabolites in rotational crops. Unpublished report no. MSL-981, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Agricultural Labs. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA- 738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Curwin, B. D.; Hein, M. J.; Sanderson, W. T.; Nishioka, M. G.; Reynolds, S. J.; Ward, E. M.; Alavanja, M. C. Pesticide contamination inside farm and nonfarm homes. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2005, 2 (7), 357-67.

Fink, R.; Beavers, J. One-generation reproduction study in bobwhite quail: glyphosate technical. Unbpublished report no. 139- 141. 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Fink, R.; Beavers, J. Final report: One-generation reproduction study in mallard ducks: glyphosate technical. Unpublished report no. 139-143, 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Folmar, L. C.; Sanders, H. O.; Julin, A. M. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1979, 8, 269-278.

Howe, C. M.; Berrill, M.; Pauli, B. D.; Helbing, C. C.; Werry, K.; Veldhoen, N., Toxicity of glyphosate-based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23 (8), 1928-1938.

McAllister, W.; McKee, M.; Schofield, M.; et al. Chronic toxicity of glyphosate (AB-82-036) to Daphnia magna under flow-through test conditions. Chronic toxicity final report ABC 28742. Unpublished report, 1982, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Bentley, R., Acute toxicity of roundup (technical) to grass shrimp (Palaemonetas vulgaris) and fiddler crab (Uca pagilator). Unpublished report no. SF1536, 1974, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Bionomics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Bentley, R. Acute toxicity of roundup (technical) to Atlantic oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Unpublished report no. SF1536, 1974, submitted to study U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Bionomics, Inc., CDL 094171-L. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

Frasier, W. D.; Jenkins, G. The acute contact and oral toxicities of CP67573 and MON2139 to worker honey bees. Unpublished report no. 4G1444, 1972, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Huntingdon Research Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

 

[winston1]

I think you left one out.

 

[California]

References:...

Ok that's more than the reading list for a grad school seminar. I'm not going to read every one and compare/contrast/ reach my own conclusion across all that.

Surely you can summarize the issue for us, assuming you have read the material you cite for support. What's the 'explain to me like I'm a bright fifth grade student' takeaway from those thousands of pages?

 

[mx1alex]

Ok that's more than the reading list for a grad school seminar. I'm not going to read every one and compare/contrast/ reach my own conclusion across all that. Surely you can summarize the issue for us, assuming you have read the material you cite for support. What's the 'explain to me like I'm a bright fifth grade student' takeaway from those thousands of pages?

I did summarize it.

I'm not saying agronomically there aren't concerns with using glyphosate but health wise it's about as safe an option there is outside of a hoe. There have been tons of studies on glyphosate and information can be found all over the web. Just make sure what you're reading is from a reputable source. Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet

 

[bmaverick]

Both you guys - can you cite sources? I would like to know more about glyphosate issues.

Latest studies show that glyphosate causes gluten intolerance and inhibits natural detoxification in human cells:
Glyphosate痴 Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Amino Acid Biosynthesis by the Gut Microbiome: Pathways to Modern Diseases. Entropy | Free Full-Text | Glyphosate

Glyphosate linked to gross deformities in piglets
http://omicsonline.org/open-access/...te-in-malformed-piglets-2161-0525.1000230.pdf
7/30/2014 - Pigs who consume feed with low concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate (also marketed as Roundup) give birth to piglets with a wide array of severe defects, according to a study conducted by researchers from the University of Leipzig, Germany,

Glyphosate decreases yield, seedling quality of Roundup Ready soybeans; increases rate of fungal disease.
http://www.bfn.info/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/skript362.pdf
Planta Daninha - The role of glyphosate in RR soybean production and seed quality

Glyphosate found to be harming dairy cows
Field Investigations of Glyphosate in Urine of Danish Dairy Cows
Field Investigations of Glyphosate in Urine of Danish Dairy Cows | Open Access | OMICS Publishing Group

Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756170



Scientific studies on Glyphosate (Just a sample of the 918 scienctific studies related to glyphosate).
Glyphosate resistant and susceptible soybean (Glycine max) and canola (Brassica napus) dose response and metabolism relationships with glyphosate. http://science.naturalnews.com/2007...sceptible_soybean_Glycine_max_and_canola.html

Evolved glyphosate resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2008...ant_weeds_around_the_world_lessons_to_be.html

Integrating soil conservation practices and glyphosate resistant crops: impacts on soil.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2008...nd_glyphosate_resistant_crops_impacts_on.html

Aminomethylphosphonic acid accumulation in plant species treated with glyphosate.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2008...in_plant_species_treated_with_glyphosate.html

Evolution of glyphosate resistance in a Lolium rigidum population by glyphosate selection at sublethal doses.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2009...stance_in_a_Lolium_rigidum_population_by.html

Evolution of soil biological properties after addition of glyphosate, diflufenican and glyphosate+diflufenican herbicides. http://science.naturalnews.com/2009...fter_addition_of_glyphosate_diflufenican.html

Fate and availability of glyphosate and AMPA in agricultural soil.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2008...glyphosate_and_AMPA_in_agricultural_soil.html

Nitrogen metabolism and flower symmetry of petunia corollas treated with glyphosate.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2007...ymmetry_of_petunia_corollas_treated_with.html

Oral bioavailability of glyphosate: studies using two intestinal cell lines.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2005..._studies_using_two_intestinal_cell_lines.html

Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
http://science.naturalnews.com/2007...te_in_human_peripheral_blood_mononuclear.html
Effects of Roundup and glyphosate formulations on intracellular transport, microtubules and actin filaments in Xenopus laevis melanophores. http://science.naturalnews.com/2010..._on_intracellular_transport_microtubules.html
The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the stability of the herbicide glyphosate during bread leavening.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2005...myces_cerevisiae_on_the_stability_of_the.html

Cancer incidence among glyphosate exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2005...esticide_applicators_in_the_Agricultural.html

Biomonitoring of genotoxic risk in agricultural workers from five colombian regions: association to occupational exposure to glyphosate. http://science.naturalnews.com/2009...agricultural_workers_from_five_colombian.html

Acute toxic hazard evaluations of glyphosate herbicide on terrestrial vertebrates of the Oregon coast range.
http://science.naturalnews.com/2008...ate_herbicide_on_terrestrial_vertebrates.html
Alternative herbicides to manage Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum lam) resistant to glyphosate at different phenological stages. http://science.naturalnews.com/2005...yegrass_Lolium_multiflorum_lam_resistant.html

Effects of aerial applications of the herbicide glyphosate and insecticides on human health
[Oddly the aerial was inconclusive, but the ground study did show a statistically significative relationship was found between the use of glyphosate at ground level, and the concentration levels of glyphosate in the urine samples (odds ratio=2.54, 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.8).]
http://science.naturalnews.com/2009...he_herbicide_glyphosate_and_insecticides.html
Effect on honeybees
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-044309_30-May-03.pdf
http://beyondpesticides.org/pollinators/clothianidinepamemo110210.pdf
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/evaggelos-vallianatos/honeybees-on-the-verge-of_b_4326226.html
http://science.naturalnews.com/clothianidin.html

 

[mx1alex]

So if not glyphosate what would you recommend farmers use Bmaverick? Gramoxone???

The world population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050. That means we have to grow more food over the next 35 years than the last 2000 years combined. We are not gonna be able to do that with out using modern technology. I understand we need to make sure what we do is safe but glyphosate has been around for 20 years and studied more than just about any other pesticide outside of maybe atrazine.

 

[bmaverick]

The original levels that were set for glyphosate didn't poise a direct risk to human and animal health. Then in the past few years, the levels were raised. This is what caused the scientific debate to flourish into the main stream media and with Ag businesses across the country. As the weeds have became resistant, the superweeds are striking back. Thus the limits were raised towards the toxicity levels. The USA has the highest allowable levels to use. Other countries are in a safer standard at the original rate.

There are studies being carried out at this time, that involve year to year spraying on fields to monitor the glyphosate level increases. The soil microbes are not breaking down the glyphosate at rates predicted. Thus, in time the fields may need to rest for years to reduce the high concentrations of glyphosate.

There are three other herbicides that compete with glyphosate. Two of which are a bit safer and no repercussions of superweeds resistance. These are very popular in Europe, especially in Germany and Italy.

 

[mx1alex]

Name those herbicides and show me there ld50.

Every herbicide has the potential to create resistance. That's why I said agronomically glyphosate has issues. But as far as human safety is concerned it's about as safe as they come. There's a reason the average joe can go buy it off the shelf at Home Depot but they can't go buy restricted use pesticides like atrazine or gramoxone.

 

[bmaverick]

So if not glyphosate what would you recommend farmers use Bmaverick? Gramoxone???

The world population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050.

When the world was predicted to reach 6-billion in the 90s, people jumped back and thought, oh my what are we to do. Well, science came back and moved that mile marker further out in time. Likewise the 9-billion is a prediction for 2050. Many of the large populated countries of the world are actually going through a depopulation cycle. China, India, Canada, USA, Russia, much of Europe and the like. Africa is on a population up swing. However, their numbers to land mass is still low. Global economics has place limits on the financial ability to have more than one or two children. The USA population would have gone sharply negative if it were not for the southern border influx of people coming here.

Besides, the largest population right now in most 1st and 3nd world countries are the baby boomers. Many have reached their mid-60s or are older. So, by the 2050, much of this population would be gone. The statistical methods show a mean balance to adjust much lower in the years ahead, not to increase.

If we are doing Ag with our little CUT tractors, I would agree, we can not even dare to feed the world. Upon my yearly travels to the Ag mid-west and Europe, the Ag business isn't hurting and there are some abundance areas to take note of. Sure, the US western droughts are a bear at this time. The mid-east and northern states have stepped up supplying hay, straw and water to those dry areas for the livestock. 3X3 bales are 6X the cost over last years end of season.

 

[California]

Guys thanks for presenting the pros/cons in an understandable manner.

Is glyphosate implicated in bee decline?

 

[mx1alex]

Guys thanks for presenting the pros/cons in an understandable manner. Is glyphosate implicated in bee decline?

Don't even get me started on that!!! Lol. But no, glyphosate is not implicated in the bee decline. Neonicatinoids are what's being targeted there as far as pesticides go. The bee decline is very complex and the pesticides are just a part of what causing the problem. Ask anybody who makes there living off of bees and they'll tell they'd rather tackle the veroamite problem and native habitat/nutrition problem before they went after neonics.

 

[bmaverick]

Name those herbicides and show me there ld50.

If I was in the office, I could get the info asap.

Tordon Pinene (Dow AgroSci.) 8,200 is one of them. I would not use the double strength for Ag planting fields though. I'm not a big fan of this one either due to the Ethylene Glycol content being 15.7%.

Matratec makes the AvengerAG Burndown. There is a variant used in Italy of this brand. AvengerAG Pricing goes from $35 to $98 per gallon depending on the premix or concentrated formulas. EPA registered (No. 82052-4)

In a town just south of my location, Ecoexempt HC and Ecoexempt IC is made and shipped in tanker trucks to California, Washington, and Wisconsin. EcoSMART Technologies, Inc. http://www.bugspray.net/labels/eco_exempt_hc_label.pdf

 

[mx1alex]

If I was in the office, I could get the info asap. Tordon Pinene (Dow AgroSci.) 8,200 is one of them. I would not use the double strength for Ag planting fields though. I'm not a big fan of this one either due to the Ethylene Glycol content being 15.7%. Matratec makes the AvengerAG Burndown. There is a variant used in Italy of this brand. AvengerAG Pricing goes from $35 to $98 per gallon depending on the premix or concentrated formulas. EPA registered (No. 82052-4) In a town just south of my location, Ecoexempt HC and Ecoexempt IC is made and shipped in tanker trucks to California, Washington, and Wisconsin. EcoSMART Technologies, Inc. http://www.bugspray.net/labels/eco_exempt_hc_label.pdf

I'm not even gonna argue with you anymore if you really suggest picloram be sprayed over millions of acres. You must not like trees.

And none of the products you listed can be sprayed on crops like glyphosate can. How do you suggest farmers get rid of weeds. Go back to the days of cultivating the soil and take back everything we've gained with no-till practices??? Not very sustainable.

 

[clemsonfor]

I'm not saying agronomically there aren't concerns with using glyphosate but health wise it's about as safe an option there is outside of a hoe. There have been tons of studies on glyphosate and information can be found all over the web. Just make sure what you're reading is from a reputable source.

Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet

Yea the rat study they did in london kind of scares you but then it was short term which many pick it apart from that.

I really would like to read more into it. But i keep thinking there would be way more than just GMO and monsanto haters onto it if it was really THAT bad esp the agencies they would be screaming and PAYING for more long term tests.

 

[clemsonfor]

How can there be increased useage?

The label is the law, a company just cant change that label at will cause of super weeds. Has the government(EPA) recertified GLYphosate to be used at this increased level or were farmers applying at the lower end of the application rate and are now applying at the high side?

 

[bmaverick]

How can there be increased useage?

The label is the law, a company just cant change that label at will cause of super weeds. Has the government(EPA) recertified GLYphosate to be used at this increased level or were farmers applying at the lower end of the application rate and are now applying at the high side?

Since you can easily find research information, go find the California and the FDA limits that the government had raised. It made plenty of up roar in the past few years. One would have to be living under a rock not to notice it.

 

[bmaverick]

I'm not even gonna argue with you anymore if you really suggest picloram be sprayed over millions of acres. You must not like trees.

And none of the products you listed can be sprayed on crops like glyphosate can. How do you suggest farmers get rid of weeds. Go back to the days of cultivating the soil and take back everything we've gained with no-till practices??? Not very sustainable.

Why are we talking about millions of acres unless you plan on doing this with your little cut tractor and tiller??? From the start the question rested with your garden plot. That's why I kept to the small farm weed control vs. big Ag. Guess you got onto a rabbit trail going down another path.

I have no issues with trees. BUT, why would you have trees in your garden and need a tractor to navigate around them???

 

[mx1alex]

Why are we talking about millions of acres unless you plan on doing this with your little cut tractor and tiller??? From the start the question rested with your garden plot. That's why I kept to the small farm weed control vs. big Ag. Guess you got onto a rabbit trail going down another path.

I have no issues with trees. BUT, why would you have trees in your garden and need a tractor to navigate around them???

Because you are suggesting that due to human health concerns that glyphosate not be used anymore. Or are you ok with big famers using glyphosate for food production and not me using it in my food plots to attract wildlife? And my question still is if not glyphosate then what? You've yet to mention a herbicide that I can spray on my beans to get rid of broadleaf weeds.

And if you knew anything about herbicides you would know that suggesting the use of Picloram for a common burndown practice is outright dumb. That stuff moves, can kill off site trees, and limits what you can plant after application. Almost as bad as imazapyr... look it up.

 

[clemsonfor]

I am a forester and recognize the Picloram name. it is a nasty one and thats all i remember, but were worried about neighbors trees and your own trees next to a site and down stream as well.

 

[kenmac]

I don't use Glyphosate On a garden ,but I use plenty of it on my Kudzu