<font color="blue"> Don't turbos require more warming and cool down than other engines? I would think they would smoke for a little longer on start up than others, and that has been what I've seen on turbos, but I've never owned one.</font>
The warm-up isn't a problem, but the cool down is. With the turbo running at such high RPMs, it creates a lot of heat. If the turbo isn’t cooled down the oil literally cooks on the bearing.
There are several different reasons why an engine will smoke. If it has a turbo seal out, valve seals bad, bad or broken rings, non-seated rings, restricted return fuel, injector problem or fuel pump problem are a few of the reasons that will cause smoking. I just wonder is the fuel return lines have been check to see if there is a restriction. A restriction in the return will cause smoking. At idle there is a lot of fuel returned.
As far as the glow plug, I think that you are right that it has to be a short. I would check anything that is plugged into the wiring harness. I am having a mental block today, but there is a solenoid, diode or something that is attached to that harness. I would check or change it. It appears that would be the only thing left from the list of things that have been changed.