If it were me, I would back the nut off until it covered the bolt threads completely at the end and smack it with something heavy, but I guess that you have already done that. So you have a bolt putting up a fight.
My next step would be a penetrating oil, a little time for it to soak in, then some heat on the bolt, then more oil and an impact wrench if you have one. All you need is to break it free.
I occasionally use a solid chunk of metal against the area above/below the bolt to help add some inertia. It sometimes has helped me break obstreperous bolts free. Long piece of steel pipe, a spud, a second sledge hammer... (In your case, I might consider pulling the wheel off the deck to be able to better support the area around the bolt, such as a partially open vise, or a chunk of iron pipe, with one end on concrete.)
These days, I tend towards the "if it is liquid, it can't resist" end of the spectrum and I am willing to put more heat into non-alloy steel than I used to.
Good luck!
All the best,
Peter