Just a guess, but sitting on the seat and closing the switch allows current to pass through the switch and it's probably shorting to ground (frame) either at the switch or somewhere downstream (in the circuit) of the switch, before the circuit reaches its normal "load" (i.e. the starter solenoid or relay). Without this normal load resistance, the large short circuit current blows the fuse. But then the questions is: how did it start in the first place?
First, I think you need to know what the seat switch is suppose to do (i.e. what does the circuit do):
1) What is suppose to normally happen when tractor is running and you stand up?
2) Normally, will tractor start if you're not on the seat?
Another, slim possibility is, is your key switch broke, so that when sitting on the seat your actually trying to start a running motor? Probably not as you'd probably hear this and burn the starter out before you blow the 10amp solenoid fuse.