I seriously doubt you did any major damage. It ran funny because the gasoline was basically "knocking" in the combustion chamber. It was detonating too quickly because of the high compression ratio of your diesel engine. I doubt your injection pump would be destroyed by a minute of running time. I had a diesel powered Ford Escort and they recommended a certain percentage of gas in the tank when the weather got cold (i.e. below zero). IIRC it was no more than 10% gas. So a little gas is likely not harmful.
I'd advise you to drain the tank and as much of the lines and filter as you can, and fill it with good fuel. If you are really worried, disconnect the lines at the injectors and purge them of any gas. Bleed the fuel system and start it and let it run until it runs correctly.