Turbines are mostly made of steel, a widely recyclable material. But their blades are constructed of complex composite materials such as fiberglass and balsa wood that are difficult to separate and process, presenting a recycling challenge. As a result, blades that reach the end of their lives often end up in landfill.
Last year, more than 12,000 blades were scrapped globally, according to data provider BloombergNEF, which expects the number to exceed 28,000 in 2030. This could result in hundreds of thousands of metric tons of waste each year. Turbine blades can last 20 to 30 years, but companies often replace them earlier with more efficient designs.