I'm assuming the stopped engine and the not starting is related.
The first thing to do is to verify the engine is not seized. So, with the tractor in neutral, see if the fan will rotate the crank just a little. Or you could try with a hand crank if your tractor has the hand crank.
That era, you could have a few variations, positive ground, negative ground, 6V, or 12V. Nonetheless, the circuits should be similar. Most will have a starter solenoid, but some will have a mechanical switch on the starter.
Battery --> Engine/chassis (ground cable).
Battery --> Starter Solenoid --> Smaller wire back to ignition switch.
Ignition Switch --> Back to small connector on starter.
Ignition Switch --> Coil.
It should be rather easy to hotwire the thing.
Here is a basic starter that I posted in a different thread.
If you jump from the big battery wire on the starter solenoid to the small connector on the solenoid (screwdriver works well), the tractor engine should crank over.
Since it presumably is a gas engine, it may or may not actually start.
An electrical tester should help with diagnostics some. Ignition switch at operate, the coil should get power, and the starter solenoid (ignition connection) should not get power from ignition.
Ignition switch to start, and both the coil should get power, as well as the ignition to starter solenoid.
The coil has 2 connectors. One from the battery to the coil, and one from the coil to the distributor.
Anyway, that gives you a couple of circuits to start to verify.