Hi Paul,
I'm replying to this even though it is not a recent post because I am going through the same kind of exercise on my 1969 Case 442.
There is a filter screen in the system, it's just impossible to see and nearly impossible to clean, and when it's full of dirt, it gets destroyed because there's no pressure relief. The screen is located inside the reservoir tank on the older models. If you examine the tank, you'll see that it is formed from two deep-drawn halves which are soldered together in the center. The filter screen is spot-welded into position prior to the tank being assembled. If you look closely at the exterior of the tank, you can see the spot welds. The screen completely separates the left hand side of the tank from the right. When fluid flows from the cooler into the tank, it must pass through the screen prior to flowing to the pump. Any dirt that the screen catches remains there forever unless the owner removes the tank and flushes it. The screen on my tank came loose from its spot welds and settled over the tank outlet, thereby severely restricting the flow and causing the pump to cavitate. I removed the screen and am going to add a return line filter if I can't find a vintage tank with an intact screen (I'd like to keep my tractor original).
These screens probably protect the system for a period of time, until they load up and provide a sufficient flow restriction to be torn loose from their welds. They are probably also stressed by cold fluid as there is no pressure relief. This kind of catastrophic failure would also dump the entire load of debris immediately into the system. Some failure mode huh? I can't complain too much as I've owned this tractor for 33 years, and the hyraulics have never given trouble before.
In summary, add a return line filter and if the pump ever cavitates, look in the reservoir for a broken screen.
As far as a separate filter, size for the pump flow plus allow extra because return flow will exceed pump flow when using hydraulic cylinders, such as a loader or log splitter. 20 g.p.m. should suffice. Make sure the filter head has a pressure relief. If you get creative with hose, you can package the thing almost anywhere, but only on the low pressure side of the system.
Steve