Does Google have a way to associate you personally with your browsing history, etc. if you don't sign in to one of their accounts (GMail, etc), or do they just associate it with an IP address?
One thing I dislike about Gmail (as well as most other "free" email providers) is that they now require a cell# in order to open an account. Google claims some BS "so we know it's really you", whatever that means. Won't accept a landline #. Nope, sorry, no way.
I'm no expert, I'm sure google works with third parties to track your activity, including by "bugs" on the page, just like facebook does. And if you're using google's DNS servers they also track your activity (i.e. they know your computer IP address did a DNS lookup for pornhub.com

) I know my ISP default router configuration was pointed at google's DNS servers. I changed them to the other guys, at 1.1.1.1, can't remember their name, but they supposedly don't track you.
Things are so sophisticated these days. Web sites can tell who you are from aggregate browser information, IP address, even the way you use the English language in your posts.
Re: Gmail account, I opened a second gmail account recently and I don't possess a cell phone, but I don't remember what I did, if anything, to make it happen. Anyway, I suspect it should be possible.
Moral of story, I use gmail accounts, but as we march forward in time the goal is to use it more as a honey trap, and move my more privacy minded things to VPNs and an email service like Proton Mail.